The 50 Greatest Gadgets of the Past 50 Years

Dan Tynan, special to PC World, and PC World Staff
Sat Dec 24, 4:00 AM ET

We're living in the golden age of the gadget. Don't believe it? Check your pockets. Odds are you're carrying a portable music player, an electronic organizer, a keychain-size storage device, a digital camera, or a cell phone that combines some or all of these functions. And you'd probably be hard-pressed to live without them.

At PC World, we'd be lost without these things. We don't merely test and write about digital gear, we live and breathe the stuff. In honor of this raging gizmo infatuation, we polled our editors and asked them to name the top 50 gadgets of the last 50 years. The rules? The devices had to be relatively small (no cars or big-screen TVs, for example), and we considered only those items whose digital descendants are covered in PC World (cameras, yes; blenders, no). We rated each gadget on its usefulness, design, degree of innovation, and influence on subsequent gadgets, as well as the ineffable quality we called the "cool factor." Then we tallied the results.

After a lot of Web surfing, spreadsheet wrangling, and some near fistfights, we emerged with the following list. Some items in our Top 50 are innovative devices that appeared briefly and then were quickly consigned to museums and future appearances on eBay, but whose influence spread widely. Others are products we use every day--or wish we could.

With the holidays in full swing, and as folks shop for the right gear to give their loved ones, join us as we visit with the ghosts of gadgets past and present.

1. Sony Walkman TPS-L2 (1979)

Sony Walkman TPS-L2 (1979)Portable music players are so cheap and ubiquitous today that it's hard to remember when they were luxury items, widely coveted and often stolen. But when the blue and silver Walkman debuted in 1979, no one had ever seen anything quite like it. The $200 player virtually invented the concept of "personal electronics."

The first Walkman (also branded as the Stowaway, the Soundabout, and the Freestyle before the current name stuck) featured a cassette player and the world's first lightweight headphones. Apparently fearful that consumers would consider the Walkman too antisocial, Sony built the first units with two headphone jacks so you could share music with a friend. The company later dropped this feature. Now, more than 25 years and some 330 million units later, nobody wonders why you're walking down the street with headphones on. Learn more in Sony's history of the Walkman. PCW photo by Rick Rizner; Walkman courtesy of Melissa Perenson.

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2. Apple iPod (2001)

Apple iPod (2001)If the Walkman is the aging king of portable media players, Apple's iPod is prince regent. It rules the realm of digital music like no other device: According to the NPD Group, more than eight out of ten portable players sold at retail by mid-2005 were iPods. Yet when the $399 iPod first appeared in October 2001, it was nothing special. It featured a 5GB hard drive and a mechanical scroll wheel, but worked only with Macs. A second model released the following July offered a 20GB hard drive, a pressure-sensitive touch wheel, and a Windows-compatible version. But the third-generation player, which appeared in April 2003, proved the charm: A 40GB drive, built-in compatibility with Windows and Mac, support for USB connections, and a host of other small improvements made it wildly popular, despite its relatively high price and poor battery life. Now the fifth-generation iPod threatens to do the same thing for a new breed of portable video players. The iPod is dead; long live the iPod. Read more in Dennis Lloyd's Brief History of the iPod. PCW photo by Rick Rizner; iPod courtesy of Michael Kubecka.

3. (Tie) ReplayTV RTV2001 and TiVo HDR110 (1999)

ReplayTV RTV2001 and TiVo HDR110 (1999)The appearance of the first ReplayTV and TiVo models--the pioneering Gemini of digital video recording--in the number three spot on our list may be a measure of how much we all hate TV commercials. The concept is simple: Digitize the TV signal and stream it to an internal hard drive, so the user can pause, rewind, fast-forward, or record programs at will. For the first time, users flummoxed by their VCRs (#29) could record an entire season of shows with a few clicks of the remote. And yes, it may be cheating to count these two products as one, but they appeared at virtually the same time, and each brought different yet important strengths to the DVR table. TiVo undoubtedly won the brand-recognition competition: When Janet Jackson suffered her infamous "wardrobe malfunction" at the 2004 Super Bowl, thousands of viewers "TiVo'd it"--over and over and over. ReplayTV, on the other hand, was more aggressive with commercial-skipping and networking features. In any event, the success of these products may be their undoing, as digital video recorders become a standard feature of cable and satellite set-top boxes. Eric W. Lund has more than you'd probably want to know about earlier models of both. PCW photo by Rick Rizner.

4. PalmPilot 1000 (1996)

PalmPilot 1000 (1996)The PalmPilot 1000 was everything the Apple Newton MessagePad (#28) wanted to be: a "personal data assistant" small enough to fit in your shirt pocket, with enough flash RAM (128KB) to hold a then-impressive 500 names and addresses. The handwriting recognition actually worked (once you mastered the arcane Graffiti software), and best of all, you could sync your data with a PC or Mac desktop application. The brilliance of the Palm concept was its recognition that people wanted a supplement to their computers, not a substitute. Subsequent models grew smaller and more powerful, but were basically refinements to the original PalmPilot's elegant simplicity. PCW photo by Rick Rizner.

5. Sony CDP-101 (1982)

Sony CDP-101The first commercial compact disc player signaled a technological sea change that ultimately caused millions of music lovers to ditch their turntables. The boxy CDP-101 wasn't especially sleek, and at $900 it was priced for audiophiles, but it ushered in the age of digital sound--no more hisses, scratches, pops, or skips. Now, with SuperAudio CD and DVD-Audio offering vastly superior sound, and MP3 downloads dominating music sales, CD players may eventually join turntables and 8-track machines (#46) as relics of our audio past. But they will sure have sounded good while they lasted. For more, read a contemporary review of the CDP-101. Photo courtesy of Pavek Museum of Broadcasting.

6. Motorola StarTAC (1996)

Motorola StarTAC (1996)The StarTAC was the first mobile phone to establish that design matters as much as functionality, leading to today's profusion of stylish cell phones--most notably the Motorola Razr (#12). No phone of its era was more portable than the StarTAC: You could clip the 3.1-ounce unit to your belt and go anywhere, which made carrying a cell phone a lot more appealing. The StarTAC let you plug in a second battery to extend your talk time, and was the first phone to sport the vibrate option used in Motorola pagers (#13). Another plus: As the first clamshell-style phone, it looked a little like the communicators from Star Trek. Beam us up, Scotty. Photo courtesy of the Integrated Electronics Engineering Center and Prismark Partners.

7. Atari Video Computer System (1977)

Atari Video Computer System (1977)Later known as the Atari 2600, the VCS brought video games out of the arcade and into America's living rooms. It was a snap to set up: Just plug the clunky-looking box into your TV set and grab the joystick. The Atari 2600 was the first successful console to use game cartridges, which allowed consumers to play multiple games on the same system and created a huge market for crude-looking but addictive titles such as Space Invaders and Pac Man. The Atari's games may not have looked much like Grand Theft Auto, but its influence can be felt in today's Xboxes, PlayStations, and GameCubes. AtariAge has more details. Pong, anyone? PCW photo by Rick Rizner; Atari VCS courtesy of Mike Mika.

8. Polaroid SX-70 Land Camera (1972)

Polaroid SX-70 Land Camera (1972)The SX-70 was a thing of beauty. Just point, shoot, and watch the image develop before your eyes. When you're done, fold up the 7-by-4-inch unit and stick it in your bag. It was the first Polaroid to automatically eject the snapshot and produce images, without making you wait 60 seconds and peel off the outer wrapper of the film. The SX-70 combined simplicity with immediacy, making it the direct forebear of today's low-end digital cameras. More than 30 years later, its design still turns heads, and some fans still use it. PCW photo by Rick Rizner; camera courtesy of Adolph Gasser Photography, San Francisco.

9. M-Systems DiskOnKey (2000)

M-Systems DiskOnKey (2000)For 20 years people had been predicting the death of the floppy, but it took a gadget the size of your thumb to actually sound the death knell. With 8MB to 32MB of flash memory at its introduction in November 2000, the DiskOnKey was easier to use than a diskette, and was the first device of its type that didn't need drivers for your PC. You just plugged it into a USB port, copied files to it, and popped it back into your pocket. Suddenly, moving big files from one computer to another was no longer a hassle. PCW photo by Rick Rizner.

10. Regency TR-1 (1954)

Regency TR-1 (1954)The Regency took radio out of the parlor and put it in your pocket. Jointly produced by Texas Instruments and TV accessory manufacturer IDEA, the TR-1 was the first consumer device to employ transistors. The $50 item didn't sell well--Sony did much better with a similar product a couple of years later--but it inspired a host of imitators, which in turn helped popularize a then-obscure genre of music known as rock and roll. If not for transistor radio, nobody would have been dancin' in the streets. For more information, see the mini-history of the transistor radio. PCW photo by Rick Rizner.

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11. Sony PlayStation 2 (2000)
Sony PlayStation 2 (2000)Sure, the Nintendo 64 and Sega Dreamcast were fun machines, but Sony's PlayStation 2 bought gaming to whole new level. Thanks to its 128-bit "Emotion Engine" CPU and Graphics Synthesizer, the PS2 introduced a dramatically new form of realism, setting the standard for other systems such as Microsoft's Xbox and Nintendo's GameCube. (See PC World's original review.) The PS2 also had things you wouldn't expect from a game console, such as the ability to play DVD movies. Despite a $300 price tag (twice that of competing systems), it quickly became the console of choice, and not just for gamers: In 2003 the US National Center for Supercomputing Applications used 70 PS2s to build a supercomputer capable of half a trillion operations per second. That's one hot gaming system. Photo courtesy of Sony Electronics.

12. Motorola Razr V3 (2004)
Motorola Razr V3 (2004)When PC Worldfirst wrote about the $500 Razr V3, we called it flat-out fabulous. The impressively slim and ultrasexy clamshell-style V3 sported a brushed aluminum casing, a color screen on the outside, and a strikingly bright 2.2-inch color LCD on the inside. The Razr V3 also included a 640-by-480-resolution camera with a 4X digital zoom, had MPEG-4 video playback capability, and was Bluetooth-enabled. It was so cool, you could almost see people drooling with desire when one came into the office. A great marriage of functionality and design. Photo courtesy of Motorola.

13. Motorola PageWriter (1996)
Motorola PageWriter (1996)Before anyone could sign on to AOL Instant Messenger on a T-Mobile Sidekick, before the first SMS message was ever sent from a cell phone, and before a BlackBerry was even a twinkle in anyone's eye, Motorola gave early adopters a taste of the future: the ability to send, as well as receive, text messages on a wireless device. The PageWriter--which looked like a thicker version of Motorola's then-current one-way text pagers--sported a flip-top design that, when opened, revealed a QWERTY keypad as well as a four-line backlit monochrome LCD screen. Far ahead of its time, it was eventually superceded by less costly mobile messaging options. Photo courtesy of Motorola.

14. BlackBerry 850 Wireless Handheld (1998)
BlackBerry 850 Wireless Handheld (1998)Canadian firm Research in Motion didn't invent e-mail, wireless data networks, the handheld, or the QWERTY keyboard. But with the little BlackBerry, along with server software that made e-mail appear on it without any effort from the recipient, RIM put it all together in a way that even nontechie executives could appreciate--and thereby opened the eyes of corporate America to the potential of wireless communications. So addictive that some call them CrackBerries, RIM's ubiquitous e-mail communicators--especially their high-res displays and small yet serviceable thumb keyboards--have forever changed the design aesthetic for personal digital assistants, while their approach to e-mail has become the standard by which all connected handhelds are measured. To learn more about BlackBerry on the Web, visit the International BlackBerry User Group. Photo courtesy of Research In Motion.

15. Phonemate Model 400 (1971)
Phonemate Model 400 (1971)In 1971, PhoneMate introduced one of the first commercially viable answering machines, the Model 400. The $300 unit had a wooden case, weighed more than 8 pounds, and was larger than a major-city phone book, according to Steve Knuth, a retired company executive. You could record about 20 short messages on an internal reel-to-reel tape. Users also could listen to messages in private, via an earphone akin to those supplied with transistor radios. Since people hated to talk into machines in the 1970s, Phonemate used to joke that only those who stood to make money from the phone call would buy the Model 400, mostly businesses. For more information, see the history of answering machines. (The Phonemate 400 is shown in the photo; the gadget that allowed remote message access came later.) Photo by Brad Bargman.

16. Texas Instruments Speak & Spell (1978)
Texas Instruments Speak & Spell (1978)A whole generation of kids learned to spell on this cheery orange device with alphabet keys and a hardy handle. Speak & Spell contained a single-chip speech synthesizer--novel for the time--and a robotic voice that encouraged children to spell more than 200 common words. The $50 Speak & Spell effectively cut the cord on that era's pull-string and tape-recorder speaking toys. The game of Hangman was a boon for kids during long car trips--and the bane of at least some parents forced to listen to it. It's more lovingly described on this dedicated page. Photo courtesy of Texas Instruments.

17. Texas Instruments SR-10 (1973)
Texas Instruments SR-10 (1973)Math classes were never the same after the introduction of TI's handheld calculators in the early 1970s. The $150 SR-10 debuted in 1973 and was the first affordable handheld to calculate reciprocals, square roots, and other slide-rule functions. The $170 SR-50 followed in 1974, adding trigonometric functions and a very cool 14-character LED display. The devices became so ubiquitous that math whizzes at the time were identified by the simple sobriquet "TIs." This TI site can tell you more about Texas Instruments calculators. Photo courtesy of the Vintage Calculators Web Museum.

18. Diamond Multimedia Rio PMP300 (1998)
Diamond Multimedia Rio PMP300 (1998)The Nano it ain't, but Diamond's Multimedia Rio PMP 300 started the revolution that produced portable music players such as Apple's iPod (#2). This first portable MP3 player ran on a single AA battery and packed a whopping 32MB of storage--enough for about a half hour of music encoded in the MP3 compression format. Read PC World's original review. Photo courtesy of The Adrenaline Vault.

19. Sony Handycam DCR-VX1000 (1995)
Sony Handycam DCR-VX1000 (1995)Thank Sony for introducing digital video editing to the desktop. Before it released the Handycam DCR-VX1000, if you wanted to edit video on a PC you had to invest thousands of dollars in an expansion card to digitize analog footage. The DCR-VX1000 was the first camcorder to capture in the mini-DV format, and the first with a FireWire port for transferring digital video to a PC. The DCR-VX1000 cost nearly $4000, but it offered dramatically better video quality, and less-expensive models soon followed. For more, see Sony's history of the Handycam. Photo courtesy of Sony Electronics.

20. Handspring Treo 600 (2003)
Handspring Treo 600 (2003)The quest for the perfect palmtop/phone hybrid hit a new milestone with the Treo 600, released by upstart Palm competitor Handspring (the company founded by Palm founders Jeff Hawkins and Donna Dubinsky) before that company was itself swallowed by Palm. Slim enough to fit in a pocket, yet wide enough to hold a BlackBerry-esque QWERTY keyboard, the Treo quickly became the It gadget of 2003-2004, eclipsed only by its own successor, the Treo 650. Several fan sites exist, including Treonauts and TreoCentral. And be sure to see PC World's original review. Photo courtesy of Palm.

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21. Zenith Space Command (1956)
The first widely used TV remote control had four buttons (power, volume, channel up, channel down) but no batteries; press a button, and a tiny hammer inside the remote would strike an aluminum rod, transmitting an ultrahigh-frequency tone to control the set. The Space Command ruled the living room for more than 25 years before being replaced by remotes using infrared technology. And thus a nation of couch potatoes was born. For more information, see Zenith's remote control history page. Photo courtesy of Zenith.

22. Hamilton Pulsar (1972)
Hamilton Pulsar (1972)A wristwatch with no springs, gears, or hands? In 1970, when venerable U.S. timepiece maker Hamilton announced the Pulsar, the first solid-state watch, the concept was so revolutionary that nobody seemed to care that its LED screen actually displayed the time only when you pressed a button. The first Pulsars were $2100, solid-gold jobs, but a steel model was eventually available for a thriftier $275; everyone from Gerald Ford to Roger Moore was a fan. Check out this dedicated site for more information on Hamilton's breakthrough and its gaggle of imitators. Photo courtesy of Hamilton Watches International.

23. Kodak Instamatic 100 (1963)
Kodak Instamatic 100 (1963)The marvel of this $15.95 camera was its easy loading system. Kodak wanted to eliminate amateur errors and make photography foolproof. To do this, the company put the film for this camera--and its successors--into a plastic cartridge. The user could pop the cartridge in and out, and not worry about exposing the film to light or misaligning it so that it wouldn't advance. To illuminate the subject, you placed a flashbulb in a little compartment on the camera's top that popped open. The camera was hugely popular: It is estimated that tens of millions of Instamatic-type cameras were sold. Photo courtesy of The George Eastman House.

24. MITS Altair 8800 (1975)
It sported blinking lights and dipswitches, and you assembled it yourself from a $397 kit sold by an Albuquerque mail-order company that had formerly been in the model rocket business. The Altair was, in other words, a gadget, but it was also the first popular home computer. Not very useful at first, it soon inspired an entire industry of upgrades, peripherals, and software--and prompted computer geeks Bill Gates and Paul Allen to form a company to sell a version of the BASIC programming language. (They called their startup Micro-soft, later ditching the hyphen.) Also present at the creation: MITS documentation manager David Bunnell, who went on to found a bevy of successful computer magazines, including PC World. The Computer Science Club at the University of California at Davis has more information, including a photo of the MITS.

25. Radio Shack TRS-80 Model 100 (1983)
Radio Shack TRS-80 Model 100 (1983)In the early 1980s, when people talked about "portable computers" they meant luggable monstrosities like the 24-pound Osborne I. Then Radio Shack introduced the Model 100, the first popular notebook. Starting at $799, this 4.25-pound featherweight boasted built-in word processing and other apps, and its internal modem let road warriors get online at a zippy 300 bits per second. More than 20 years later, the full-travel keyboard on the TRS-80 is still pretty impressive. Like all other TRS-80s, the Model 100 is lovingly documented at Ira Goldklang's TRS-80 Revived, and at this fan site. Photo by Ira Goldklang.

26. Nintendo Game Boy (1989)
Nintendo Game Boy (1989)In the old days, kids couldn't wait till they were old enough to get their first two-wheeler. Now they yearn for their first Game Boy. The original handheld, as shown at CyberiaPC.com, featured a black-and-green LCD and a slot for matchbook-size game cartridges. Later versions became smaller and more powerful but maintained backward compatibility with the original, so you could take your favorite games with you as you grew. The Game Boy's lock on the handheld game market remained virtually unchallenged--at least until the Sony PlayStation Portable arrived this year. Photo courtesy of Nintendo.

27. Commodore 64 (1982)
Commodore 64 (1982)The best selling computer of all time still appears to be the Commodore 64: Estimates of this PC's sales range from 15 million to 22 million units. The first C64 cost $595 and came with 64KB of RAM, a 6510 processor, 20KB of ROM with Microsoft BASIC, 16-color graphics, and a 40-column screen. (How times have changed!) It also was the first PC with an integrated sound synthesizer chip, according to Ian Matthews of Commodore.ca. Photo courtesy of the Computer History Museum.

28. Apple Newton MessagePad (1994)
The Newton PDA had the dubious distinction of being lampooned in Doonesbury, thanks to its less-than-spectacular handwriting recognition. At nearly 1 pound and costing $700, it was too big and pricey for most users, but it paved the way for smaller, simpler devices like the PalmPilot and the iPod. At the time, there was no cooler gadget to be found. For more, see this description and photo of the Newton.

29. Sony Betamax (1975)
Sony Betamax (1975)Few gadgets have had a bigger impact than the first stand-alone video cassette recorder. Shortly after the Betamax appeared, Sony was sued by the movie studios; in 1984 the U.S. Supreme Court decided in Sony's favor, finding that beneficial uses of the new technology (time-shifting TV programs) outweighed potential harms (video piracy). (The version pictured here is the SL-6300 from 1975, in a high-end wooden case.) The Betamax changed our lives and helped spawn the $20 billion video rental industry, but it couldn't compete with JVC's cheaper VHS devices and eventually disappeared. Those who love and honor all things Beta, however, have a place to gather. Photo courtesy of Sony Electronics.

30. Sanyo SCP-5300 (2002)
Sanyo SCP-5300 (2002)Sanyo was the first to bring a camera phone stateside, although it wasn't the first to introduce such a device to the world--that credit goes to Sharp, which released the J-SH04 in Japan in 2000. Sanyo's SCP-5300 took 640-by-480-resolution snapshots, and according to PC World's first look, the clamshell phone was easy to use. But the quality of the photos was mediocre, and the only ways to get images off the phone were to send it to another person's cell phone or e-mail address or to upload them to Sprint PCS's Web site (the handset was available exclusively to Sprint customers). But, hey, it's almost impossible to find a cell phone without a camera these days. That's saying something. Photo by Marc Simon.

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31. iRobot Roomba Intelligent Floorvac (2002)
iRobot Roomba Intelligent Floorvac (2002)A robot that does housework? Sign me up! With more than 2 million users, the Roomba is considered by many to be the first commercially successful domestic robot. The 14-inch-wide vacuum cleaner may look like an oversize hockey puck, but its brilliant design lets it avoid obstacles while sucking up every speck of dirt--including those dust bunnies cowering under the couch. Photo courtesy of iRobot.

32. Microsoft Intellimouse Explorer (1999)
Microsoft Intellimouse Explorer (1999)The first mainstream optical mouse earned its place on our list by eliminating one of computer technology's most pervasive annoyances: the accumulation of gunk inside a mechanical mouse. Optical mice actually existed long before Microsoft's groundbreaking product, but they were expensive and required special pads. The Intellimouse Explorer (and its simultaneously introduced siblings, the Intellimouse Optical and the Wheel Mouse Optical) brought gunk-free pointing devices to the great unwashed masses and their great unwashed desks (and laps, and armchairs, and many other places you'd never dream of using a mechanical mouse). Read our original review. Photo courtesy of Microsoft.

33. Franklin Rolodex Electronics REX PC Companion (1997)
Franklin Rolodex Electronics REX PC Companion (1997)The REX redefined the notion of portable. This credit-card-size device was powered by two watch batteries, measured just a quarter of an inch thick, and was designed to fit into a notebook's PC Card slot. Its design was simple--just a black-and-white, 160-by-98-resolution screen, and five navigational buttons to access such functions as calendar, contacts, and even memos. Although you couldn't enter data into the first version (about $179 with cradle), the REX proved a convenient portable companion. It was PC World's World Class Gadget for 1998. Photo by Kevin Candland.

34. Lego Mindstorms Robotics Invention System 1.0 (1998)
Lego Mindstorms Robotics Invention System 1.0 (1998)A do-it-yourself robotics system for the masses, Lego Mindstorms made building machines more fun than should be allowed. An interactive community helped promote different designs and creativity, so you were never at a loss as to what to do with all of those Lego pieces and parts. And one of the early expansion kits included a robotic R2-D2. (Sure, it was just a wireframe, not a solid replica, but it could still carry your Coca-Cola can.) Photo courtesy of the Lego Group.

35. Motorola DynaTAC 8000X (1983)
Motorola DynaTAC 8000X (1983)This early "portable" phone measured more than a foot long, weighed close to 2 pounds, and cost a whopping $3995. But with Motorola's DynaTAC 8000X--aka The Brick--you could for the first time walk and talk without that dratted cord. Generally considered the first mobile phone, the DynaTAC 8000X had enough juice for an hour of talk time and enough memory to hold 30 numbers. And the device's Formica-style enclosure was the envy of anything that Ma Bell had to offer. Photo courtesy of Motorola.

36. Iomega Zip Drive (1995)
Iomega Zip Drive (1995)This little blue external storage drive, roughly the size of a paperback book, was an instant sensation, giving average computer users their first taste of easy backup and relatively rugged 100MB storage media. The only storage technology ever mentioned by name on HBO's Sex and the City, the Zip Drive was available for both Macs and PCs; the Mac version connected to the SCSI port and the PC version hooked up via the parallel port. You could see the disk through a clear window built into the top of the drive, and it was always a pleasure to see the yellow LED light, which meant everything was working well. However, if the drive clicked too much (a phenomenon also known as the Click of Death), you were in trouble. You still have one somewhere, don't you? Photo courtesy of Iomega.

37. Magnavox Magnavision Model 8000 DiscoVision Videodisc Player (1978)
Before the DVD, or even the CD-ROM, there was the laserdisc--the first commercial optical video disc. Philips's Magnavox Magnavision Model 8000 DiscoVision Videodisc Player was the first consumer player for MCA's pioneering DiscoVision-format laserdiscs. Never mind that the Model 8000 cost $749, and that its failure rate was astronomical. The optical media age had arrived. Read about the history of DiscoVision at the Blam Entertainment Group's DiscoVision site.

38. Milton Bradley Simon (1978)
The Simon toy (not the BellSouth/IBM Simon Personal Communicator, #41) began flashing its lights in 1978, at the height of Saturday Night Fever disco-mania. Appropriately, Milton Bradley premiered its memory game at one of the most famous discotheques of all time, Studio 54 in New York. Trying to remember Simon's sequences of lights (and blips) was a lot of fun--and frustrating. The game has far outlasted the disco era: An updated version of Simon is still sold today. Happily, the polyester leisure suit remains an endangered species.


39. Play, Inc. Snappy Video Snapshot (1996)
Before PCs came with composite video inputs, before TV-tuner cards became de rigueur, before USB-connected video input devices became ubiquitous, there was the Snappy Video Snapshot. Attached to your PC's parallel port (and sticking out several inches), it supplied standard video inputs, thereby allowing you to capture still digital images from an analog video source. Snappy lovers may read more at this dedicated page.

40. Connectix QuickCam (1994)
Connectix QuickCam (1994)How techie were you in the mid-1990s? Found at your desk--typically astride a huge 17-inch CRT monitor--this fist-size grey globe signified connectedness. You were part of the QuickCam generation, embracing Internet video in its infancy, sending short, choppy, and highly pixelated greyscale moving images over (most likely) the office or college LAN. The QuickCam's image quality left much to be desired, but its low price and unique design--a spheroid "eye" set in a pyramid-shaped base (which, despite appearances, worked surprisingly well as a tripod substitute)--made it a popular starter Webcam for video-crazy, pioneer digerati. Much more advanced QuickCams are still available from the line's current owner, Logitech. For more, read what one user had to say about it. Photo courtesy of Rodger Carter, DigiCamHistory.com.

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41. BellSouth/IBM Simon Personal Communicator (1993)
Not to be confused with the Milton Bradley game Simon (#38), the Personal Communicator was the first mobile phone to include a built-in PDA. Jointly marketed by IBM and BellSouth, the $900 Simon was a combination phone, pager, calculator, address book, calendar, fax machine, and wireless e-mail device--all wrapped up in a 20-ounce package that looked and felt like a brick.

42. Motorola Handie Talkie HT-220 Slimline (1969)
Motorola Handie Talkie HT-220 Slimline (1969)The first portable two-way radios introduced during World War II weighed up to 35 pounds apiece, but the HT-220 weighed just 22 ounces--in part because it was the first portable radio to use integrated circuits instead of discrete transistors. Back then it was a favorite of the Secret Service; today it enjoys a small but fiercely dedicated following of radio geeks. Photo courtesy of Motorola.

43. Polaroid Swinger (1965)
Polaroid Swinger (1965)In the mid-1960s, no gift for teens and preteens was cooler than the $20 Polaroid Swinger instant camera. (Okay, it actually cost "nineteen dollars and ninety-five," as immortalized in one of the catchiest ad jingles of the decade.) The Swinger's big innovation was its pinchable focus button: When the shot's focus was just right, the word "YES" lit up in the viewfinder. Of course, the newbie photographers for whom the camera was intended were likely to "focus" more on the "YES" than on the actual composition of the shot. Photo courtesy of Polaroid.

44. Sony Aibo ERS-110 (1999)
Sony Aibo ERS-110 (1999)Sony's $1500 robotic pet, the ERS-110, was cuter than your average mutt and a whole lot smarter. Advanced artificial intelligence allowed it to learn from its environment, as well as sit, stand, roll over, and act puppyish. Later "breeds" recognized your voice commands and featured a built-in Webcam, so you could hire Aibo to babysit the kids. Photo courtesy of Sony Electronics.

45. Sony Mavica MVC-FD5 (1997)
Yes, it wasn't the first digital camera, but it was the first that saved photos on a platform that every PC user knew and loved: the ubiquitous 3.5-inch floppy. The FD5 provided a very easy--and familiar--way to get images out of the camera and onto a PC. Storing photos on floppies also meant that people could keep taking pictures as long as they fed the camera more disks. Photographers could easily share digital snapshots with family and friends because everybody used floppies. Like many first-generation digital cameras, the $599 Mavica was bulky and ugly, but its specs were up to snuff (for the time): Image resolution topped out at 640 by 480 pixels (which translates to 0.3 megapixel), and the camera had a sizable 2.5-inch LCD.

46. Learjet Stereo-8 (1965)
Learjet Stereo-8 (1965)They're the butt of jokes these days, but 8-track tapes and decks changed car audio forever. The Stereo 8, which first appeared as an option on Fords, had minimal controls and was often mounted under the dashboard with ugly U-brackets, but aesthetics weren't the point. With an 8-track in your car, you were no longer at the mercy of local radio station playlists. That was a very big deal at a time when only the largest cities had stations that played what was then known as "album rock." And the sound! In those days 8-tracks blew the doors off anything coming from a radio station, despite their infamous fadeouts when the tracks switched. The 8-track didn't last all that long, falling out of favor in the early 1970s as smaller, more convenient cassette tapes (and later CDs) came along. Photo courtesy of 8-Track Heaven.

47. Timex/Sinclair 1000 (1982)
Invented by British gadget king Clive Sinclair and marketed in the United States by Timex (which knew a thing or two about affordable gizmos), this everyman's computer sold for a rock-bottom $100. The slab-shaped T/S 1000 was cheap in every sense of the word--it packed a minuscule 1KB of RAM and had a barely usable flat keyboard. Even so, it was a blockbuster, briefly: Timex shipped 600,000 of them, many more were sold in other countries, and clones even appeared. For an exhaustive look at the whole phenomenon, consult the Timex Sinclair Showcase.

48. Sharp Wizard OZ-7000 (1989)
Sharp Wizard OZ-7000 (1989)It didn't quite fit into a shirt pocket, and its non-QWERTY keyboard wasn't the most intuitive of input devices. But long before the PalmPilot 1000 (#4) or even the Newton MessagePad (#28), the first Sharp Wizard helped popularize the concept of a small, lightweight electronic address book and calendar, thereby becoming the granddaddy of the modern personal digital assistant. Want to read more? The Open Directory Project has a page full of Wizard links. Photo courtesy of Sharp.

49. Jakks Pacific TV Games (2002)
Jakks Pacific TV Games (2002)For decades, the Atari 2600's black joystick has symbolized the raw spirit of early console video gaming. How fitting, then, that the joystick itself evolved into an entire videogame console in 2004, when a small toy company called Jakks Pacific launched the phenomenally successful TV Games line. The TV Games controller/game console hooks directly to standard inputs on a television and runs off batteries. Atari TV Games was the first version, bundling ten of the most popular classic Atari games from the 1980s--Pong, Asteroids, Breakout, and more--in a controller that looked just like the original Atari VCS (#7) joystick.

50. Poqet PC Model PQ-0164 (1990)
Poqet PC Model PQ-0164 (1990)Years before the Pocket PC, there was the Poqet PC. About the size of a videotape, the Poqet was pricey ($2000), but it ran off-the-shelf applications and could go for weeks on two AA batteries. Highly praised during its brief life, the Poqet vanished from the market after its manufacturer was acquired by Fujitsu. As with seemingly every interesting computer of yore, it still has its devotees, including Bryan Mason, proprietor of the informative Poqet PC Web Site. Photo courtesy of the Obsolete Computer Museum.

The Top 50 Tech GadgetsIntroduction to PC World's 50 Greatest Gadgets, Plus the #1 GadgetGreatest Gadgets #2-#10Greatest Gadgets #11-#20Greatest Gadgets #21-#30Greatest Gadgets #31-#40Greatest Gadgets #41-#50The Complete List of PC World's 50 Greatest GadgetsPC World's 50 Greatest Gadgets, by Decade

The Complete List of PC World's 50 Greatest Gadgets
PC World's list of the top 50 tech gadgets of the last half century was assembled after we polled our editors for nominations. We then rated the nominated gadgets for usefulness, design, degree of innovation, influence on subsequent gadgets, and the "cool factor." Here are the results. (For more on our 50 Greatest Gadgets project, see the full story.)

Sony Walkman TPS-L2 (1979)Apple iPod (2001)(Tie) ReplayTV RTV2001 and TiVo HDR110 (1999)PalmPilot 1000 (1996)Sony CDP-101 (1982)Motorola StarTAC (1996)Atari Video Computer System (1977)Polaroid SX-70 Land Camera (1972)M-Systems DiskOnKey (2000)Regency TR-1 (1954)Sony PlayStation 2 (2000)Motorola Razr V3 (2004)Motorola PageWriter (1996)BlackBerry 850 Wireless Handheld (1998)Phonemate Model 400 (1971)Texas Instruments Speak & Spell (1978)Texas Instruments SR-10 (1973)Diamond Multimedia Rio PMP300 %281998)Sony Handycam DCR-VX1000 (1995)Handspring Treo 600 (2003)Zenith Space Command (1956)Hamilton Pulsar (1972)Kodak Instamatic 100 (1963)MITS Altair 8800 (1975)Radio Shack TRS-80 Model 100 (1983)Nintendo Game Boy (1989)Commodore 64 (1982)Apple Newton MessagePad (1994)Sony Betamax (1975)Sanyo SCP-5300 (2002)iRobot Roomba Intelligent Floorvac (2002)Microsoft Intellimouse Explorer (1999)Franklin Rolodex Electronics REX PC Companion (1997)Lego Mindstorms Robotics Invention System 10 (1998)Motorola DynaTAC 8000X (1983)Iomega Zip Drive (1995)Magnavox Magnavision Model 8000 DiscoVision Videodisc Player (1978)Milton Bradley Simon (1978)Play, Inc Snappy Video Snapshot (1996)Connectix QuickCam (1994)BellSouth/IBM Simon Personal Communicator (1993)Motorola Handie Talkie HT-220 Slimline (1969)Polaroid Swinger (1965)Sony Aibo ERS-110 (1999)Sony Mavica MVC-FD5 (1997)Learjet Stereo-8 (1965)Timex/Sinclair 1000 (1982)Sharp Wizard OZ-7000 (1989)Jakks Pacific TV Games (2002)Poqet PC Model PQ-0164 (1990)
The Top 50 Tech GadgetsIntroduction to PC World's 50 Greatest Gadgets, Plus the #1 GadgetGreatest Gadgets #2-#10Greatest Gadgets #11-#20Greatest Gadgets #21-#30Greatest Gadgets #31-#40Greatest Gadgets #41-#50The Complete List of PC World's 50 Greatest GadgetsPC World's 50 Greatest Gadgets, by Decade

PC World's 50 Greatest Gadgets, by the Decade
Following is PC World's list of the 50 greatest tech gadgets of the last 50 years, organized by decade (gadgets released the same year are listed in alphabetical order). The number in parentheses at the end of the entry is the product's ranking on the list. We created the list after PC World editors submitted nominations. We then rated the nominated gadgets for usefulness, design, degree of innovation, influence on subsequent gadgets, and the "cool factor." (For more on our 50 Greatest Gadgets project, see the full story.)

1950s 1954Regency TR-1 (10) 1956Zenith Space Command (21)

1960s 1963Kodak Instamatic 100 (23) 1965Learjet Stereo-8 (46), Polaroid Swinger (43) 1969Motorola Handie Talkie HT-220 Slimline (42)

1970s 1971Phonemate Model 400 (15) 1972 Hamilton Pulsar (22), Polaroid SX-70 Land Camera (8) 1973 Texas Instruments SR-10 (17) 1975 MITS Altair 8800 (24), Sony Betamax (29) 1977 Atari Video Computer System (7) 1978 Magnavox Magnavision Model 8000 DiscoVision Videodisc Player (37), Milton Bradley Simon (38), Texas Instruments Speak & Spell (16) 1979 Sony Walkman TPS-L2 (1)

1980s 1982 Commodore 64 (27), Sony CDP-101 (5), Timex/Sinclair 1000 (47) 1983 Motorola DynaTAC 8000X (35), Radio Shack TRS-80 Model 100 (25) 1989 Nintendo Game Boy (26), Sharp Wizard OZ-7000 (48)

1990s 1990 Poqet PC Model PQ-0164 (50) 1993 BellSouth/IBM Simon Personal Communicator (41) 1994 Apple Newton MessagePad (28), Connectix QuickCam (40) 1995 Iomega Zip Drive (36), Sony Handycam DCR-VX1000 (19) 1996 Motorola PageWriter (13), Motorola StarTAC (6), PalmPilot 1000 (4), Play, Inc. Snappy Video Snapshot (39) 1997 Franklin Rolodex Electronics REX PC Companion (33), Sony Mavica MVC-FD5 (45) 1998 BlackBerry 850 Wireless Handheld (14), Diamond Multimedia Rio PMP300 (18), Lego Mindstorms Robotics Invention System 1.0 (34) 1999 Microsoft Intellimouse Explorer (32), ReplayTV RTV2001 and TiVo HDR110 (3, tie), Sony Aibo ERS-110 (44)

2000s 2000 M-Systems DiskOnKey (9), Sony PlayStation 2 (11) 2001 Apple iPod (2) 2002iRobot Roomba Intelligent Floorvac (31), Jakks Pacific TV Games (49), Sanyo SCP-5300 (30) 2003Handspring Treo 600 (20) 2004Motorola Razr V3 (12)


The Top 50 Tech GadgetsIntroduction to PC World's 50 Greatest Gadgets, Plus the #1 GadgetGreatest Gadgets #2-#10Greatest Gadgets #11-#20Greatest Gadgets #21-#30Greatest Gadgets #31-#40Greatest Gadgets #41-#50The Complete List of PC World's 50 Greatest GadgetsPC World's 50 Greatest Gadgets, by Decade


Contributing Editor Dan Tynan writes




Copyright © 2005 PC World Communications, Inc.

Web Sites Let Folks Send E-Mail to Future

Web Sites Let Folks Send E-Mail to Future By NAHAL TOOSI, Associated Press Writer
Sun Dec 18, 1:12 PM ET

In the year 2009, on the 25th of April, a man named Greg is supposed to get an e-mail. The e-mail will remind Greg that he is his best friend and worst enemy, that he once dated a woman named Michelle, and that he planned to major in computer science.

"More importantly," the e-mail says, "are you wearing women's clothing?"

The e-mail was sent by none other than Greg himself — through a Web site called FutureMe.org.

The site is one of a handful that let people send e-mails to themselves and others years in the future. They are technology's answer to time capsules, trading on people's sense of curiosity, accountability and nostalgia.

"Messages into the future is something that people have always sought to do," said Paul Saffo, director of the Institute for the Future. "In a way, it's a statement of optimism."

Matt Sly, 29, came up with the concept for FutureMe.org about four years ago. He was inspired one day after recalling how during his education he had been given assignments to write letters to himself.

Sly, who partnered with 31-year-old Jay Patrikios of San Francisco on the project, said the site has made maybe $58 through donations. He is adamant that FutureMe.org is not a reminder service and that users should think long-term.

The site lets people send messages 30 years from now, though Sly's numbers show most users schedule their e-mails to be sent within three years.

"We want people to think about their future and what their goals and dreams and hopes and fears are," he said. "We're trying to facilitate some serious existential pondering."

He said a large number of the messages sent do one of two basic things: tell the future person what the past person was doing at the time, and ask the future person if he or she had met the aspirations of the past person.

"The tone of the past person is not always friendly," said Sly, now a Yale University graduate student. "It's often like 'Get off your lazy butt.'"

Recently, Forbes.com jumped on the idea, offering an "e-mail time capsule" promotion. More than 140,000 letters were collected over about six weeks. Nearly 20 percent of the messages sent are supposed to land in the sender's inbox in 20 years; others requested shorter time frames. Forbes.com is partnering with Yahoo! and Codefix Consulting on the project.

"A lot of people have kind of been freaked out by it," said David Ewalt, a Forbes.com writer who worked on the project. "It really makes you stop and think about your life in a way that you usually don't."

Another type of future message service can be found at sites such as myLastEmail.com or LastWishes.com, which promise to send messages to loved ones (or less-than-loved ones) after you die.

Paul Hudson, co-founder of the International Time Capsule Society, said e-mail time capsules were new to him.

"Part of the value of time capsules are that they are thought processes in the present," said Hudson, a historian who teaches at Georgia Perimeter College. "You define yourself when you do a time capsule. It might be a good exercise in introspection."

But sometimes the past is best left behind, said Saffo, who personally finds the whole thing "sad and really weird."

"The lesson about all these things, it's the lesson from time capsules, is you have to be careful lest you set yourself up for enormous embarrassment in two decades," Saffo said. "Do you really want to be reminded that you thought ABBA was cool?"

Service providers try to make the delivery process fail-safe through partnerships or back up software, and they urge people to hang on to their e-mail address, but there's no ironclad guarantee that the message will ever arrive.

Technology changes. Companies go out of business. Spam filters might get in the way.

Still, that hasn't deterred a sizable number of people from signing up.

On FutureMe.org, where more than 112,000 messages have been written, many writers are confident enough to make their e-mails — though not necessarily their names — public.

"I hope that I've learned to take responsibility for my actions — to not be passive aggressive and to not avoid things that are scary for me," one wrote. "I hope I've changed a little."

"Are you missing an eye? If so, I apologize." wrote another.

And, of course, the cautious optimist: "Hell, I hope you're still alive."

___

On the Net:

• http://www.FutureMe.org

So Many Acting B.A.'s, So Few Paying Gigs

New York Times

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

December 7, 2005
Making Artists

So Many Acting B.A.'s, So Few Paying Gigs
By BRUCE WEBER


On a rainy Monday evening in a small rehearsal studio in the Flatiron district of Manhattan, Rachel Hoffman, a casting director for theatrical musicals, was holding in her thrall a host of hopeful young performers, all of them college juniors and seniors, acting students at New York University's Tisch School of the Arts.

Ms. Hoffman's agency, Dave Clemmons Casting, was screening candidates for several shows, including out-of-town productions of "Little Shop of Horrors" and "Cats." But the students who waited anxiously for their turn weren't just hoping to earn a job that night; they were also fulfilling a course requirement. Ms. Hoffman was giving a hands-on lesson, not in the art of performance, but in the art of the audition.

At a time when more colleges are producing more actors than ever and the job market is stagnating, Ms. Hoffman's class is emblematic of how the training of American actors has shifted in the 21st century. Instead of the pure education-of-an-artist approach that dominated in undergraduate acting programs through the 1980's and 90's, there is now a growing emphasis on helping students find work in a famously competitive field.

The result is something of a confounding dilemma both for educators and for some professionals, who fear, on the one hand, that vocational training robs student actors of necessary artistic exploration and, on the other, that schools have to do a better job of preparing actors for the grim realities of professional life.

"It's a big, internal curricular wrestling match," said Gregg Henry, the artistic director of the Kennedy Center American College Theater Festival, a nationwide program involving hundreds of theater schools. "How do we effectively prepare our students for a career that has no interest in them being part of it? And how do you plug that into an effective undergraduate education?"

Despite what seems like an enormous boom in entertainment outlets, acting jobs have not grown much. Actors Equity, the stage actors' union, which keeps track of the number of weeks worked by union members, has reported very modest gains since the 2001-2 season, from 277,000 workweeks to 294,000, a rise of less than 2 percent a year. The number of movie roles cast in 2004 rose slightly from the previous year, according to figures published by the Screen Actors Guild in October. Meanwhile, roles for actors on television, diminished by the increasing popularity of reality shows, slid for the second year in a row, by 3,523, a 10 percent decline from 2003.

At the same time, the consensus is that the number of undergraduate acting degrees conferred has never been higher. The National Association of Schools of Theater, which accredits some graduate and undergraduate programs, lists 146 members, but it does not include some of the country's biggest or most prominent schools (like N.Y.U. and Juilliard). These days you can get a Bachelor of Arts or a Bachelor of Fine Arts in performance, by most estimates, at more than 200 American colleges and universities. All by itself, the Tisch School - which offers by far the nation's largest undergraduate performance program - graduated more than 300 actors in June, almost triple the number in 1990.

"It's just tragic how many people want to go into this business," said Alan Eisenberg, the executive director of Actors Equity. "These schools are just turning out so many grads for whom there is no work."

Perhaps. But as Mary Schmidt Campbell, the dean of the Tisch School, pointed out, these are only undergraduates, with many life decisions yet to make. Many Tisch students, she said, go on to work in show business in other ways, as an agent or producer, for example, or go on to law and business schools. What's more, she noted, the Tisch program requires a spectrum of liberal arts courses around the core conservatory training.

Actually, it wasn't so long ago that if you were a teenager hungering to be an actor, the last place you'd prepare would be college. Maybe you'd go to New York and study in a private conservatory environment with a guru like Stella Adler or Lee Strasberg. Maybe you'd study accounting, try out for amateur productions of "The Music Man" and "The Taming of the Shrew" and then apply to a graduate program like Yale's to hone your skills as an artist. Maybe you'd go to Los Angeles and hang out on the stool at Schwab's Pharmacy and look pretty. There was, in fact, no such thing as an undergraduate degree in acting until the mid-60's, and you could probably count the number of schools offering one on two hands for more than a decade after that.

The explosion in the number of programs has come in the last 15 years, a natural outgrowth, educators say, of the increasing influence of the entertainment world. It's a familiar pattern, one that resulted, for example, in a swelling of business school enrollment during the 80's, and that at other moments in the last half century increased the numbers of aspiring doctors and lawyers.

The rise in the number of programs offering B.A. and B.F.A. degrees in acting has undoubtedly democratized theater training in this country, said Scott L. Steele, the executive director of the University/Resident Theater Association, a consortium of graduate theater programs and professional theaters.

"The development of excellent programs at a number of universities around the country has displaced the half dozen schools that 20 years ago claimed the exclusive ability to train great actors or designers," he said, citing relatively youthful programs at University of California at Irvine; the University of Washington; Penn State; and Florida State, among others. But not every program is so scrupulous, he said, and the larger volume of students being turned out also means more students are being insufficiently prepared, both artistically and vocationally.

"We're producing too many people," Mr. Steele said, "many of them poorly trained or moved into the field without the connections or relationships necessary to make their transition to a career possible. It's as if medical school were graduating people without giving them internships at a hospital."

Arthur Bartow, the departing artistic director of Tisch's drama department, takes a more sanguine, if wry, view: "Do we have too many actors? Well, you can never have too many good ones."

Nonetheless, even schools with longstanding reputations for artistic excellence are pushing hard on the practical side of an actor's education. At schools like Tisch, Carnegie-Mellon, Juilliard, the North Carolina School of the Arts and the University of Michigan, courses in "the business of the business," with lessons in things like how to find an agent and what makes a good head shot, are becoming as steadfast a part of the undergraduate curriculum as voice training, script analysis and Shakespeare.

The concentration on practical matters is a necessity, both educators and professional theater people say, both as a way to entice top students and to reassure their tuition-paying parents. As college costs have skyrocketed (tuition alone at Tisch this year is $31,690, compared to $14,940 in 1990), educators also view career preparation as something of a moral imperative.

"The competition for students is getting stiffer in all of the arts," said Ms. Campbell of the Tisch School, which has contracts with six professional studios to provide conservatory training, and which counts dozens of working actors, directors and designers among its 300 faculty members. "But we have New York. Our location is one of our biggest advantages."

Anecdotal evidence suggests that Tisch graduates do get some work out of school, "but it's pretty much impossible to compile actual statistics because the number changes from year to year," said Lee Gundersheimer, who works as an industry liaison for the drama department. "Besides, if somebody's working on a movie this month, he might not be next month." But, Mr. Gundersheimer said, each year, 32 Tisch undergraduates, "the ones who are deemed most ready," are chosen by the department for an industry presentation, "and all but one or two get a response."

Ms. Hoffman's auditioning seminar is one effort to iincrease the responses. Too much vibrato, Ms. Hoffman told a young man who sang the U2 song "With or Without You" and finished each line with a lovely tremulous quiver. Vibrato is more expressive than communicative, she said; in an audition, you want to communicate.

He still had trouble. "It's really hard, I know, to stay on pitch when you're straight-toning," Ms. Hoffman said, this time adding, "So you can add the vibrato if you feel yourself sliding off."

On the same night that Ms. Hoffman was handing out advice, Scott Edwards, an agent from the Harden-Curtis Agency, was scouting for new clients among another group of Tisch actors at Stonestreet Studios, an N.Y.U. affiliate that specializes in film and television work. The students trooped in front of him to deliver monologues from plays like Kenneth Lonergan's "This Is Our Youth" and movies like "Cruel Intentions" and "Envy," and received the same kind of pointed instruction that Ms. Hoffman was handing out.

"You want to make your first moment count," Mr. Edwards said to a young woman whose delivery of a sexual confession he deemed too timid in getting started. He warned a 21-year-old senior with head shots that made him look younger to make sure not to send out conflicting signals by trying to audition with material for older characters.

"These are good because you can play young," Mr. Edwards said of the photos. "But I'd definitely go with monologues for no older than 18 or 19."

This is precisely the kind of experience that new acting schools in Georgia, Texas and Oklahoma have a hard time matching. Still, at the very least, almost every far-flung undergraduate program now routinely brings its students to New York, Los Angeles or Chicago to help them showcase their talents before an invited audience of agents and casting directors. One veteran agent, Mark Schlegel, a partner at the Cornerstone Talent Agency in New York, said he received at least 50 such invitations every year.

"Twenty years ago, you didn't sense the kind of urgency these kids have now," said Mr. Schlegel, who represents many successful New York theater actors, including Jefferson Mays and Jayne Atkinson. "Now they think if they don't get signed by an agent right away, they've failed. They never think they've got to learn the ropes a bit, get seasoned. They want to know, 'Where's my TV series? Where's my film audition?' It's wrong, of course, but that's what they think, and in a business where we fall all over the young ones, you can't blame them."